What Is the Red Queen Hypothesis

Evolution is the changing in species over time. However, with the way ecosystems work on Earth, many species have a close and important relationship with each other to ensure their survival. These symbiotic relationships, such as the predator-prey relationship, keep the biosphere running correctly and keep species from going extinct. This means as one species evolves, it will affect the other species in some way. This coevolution of the species is like an evolutionary arms race that insists that the other species in the relationship must also evolve to survive. The â€Å"Red Queen† hypothesis in evolution is related to the coevolution of species. It states that species must continuously adapt and evolve to pass on genes to the next generation and also to keep from going extinct when other species within a symbiotic relationship are evolving. First proposed in 1973 by Leigh Van Valen, this part of the hypothesis is especially important in a predator-prey relationship or a parasitic relationship. Predator and Prey Food sources are arguably one of the most important types of relationships in regards to survival of a species. For instance, if a prey species evolves to become faster over a period of time, the predator needs to adapt and evolve to keep using the prey as a reliable food source. Otherwise, the now faster prey will escape, and the predator will lose a food source and potentially go extinct. However, if the predator becomes faster itself, or evolves in another way like becoming stealthier or a better hunter, then the relationship can continue, and the predators will survive. According to the Red Queen hypothesis, this back and forth coevolution of the species is a constant change with smaller adaptations accumulating over long periods of time. Sexual Selection Another part of the Red Queen hypothesis has to do with sexual selection. It relates to the first part of the hypothesis as a mechanism to speed up evolution with the desirable traits. Species that are capable of choosing a mate rather than undergoing asexual reproduction or not having the ability to select a partner can identify characteristics in that partner that are desirable and will produce the more fit offspring for the environment. Hopefully, this mixing of desirable traits will lead to the offspring being chosen through natural selection and the species will continue. This is a particularly helpful mechanism for one species in a symbiotic relationship if the other species cannot undergo sexual selection. Host and Parasite An example of this type of interaction would be a host and parasite relationship. Individuals wanting to mate in an area with an abundance of parasitic relationships may be on the lookout for a mate that seems to be immune to the parasite. Since most parasites are asexual or not able to undergo sexual selection, then the species that can choose an immune mate has an evolutionary advantage. The goal would be to produce offspring that have the trait that makes them immune to the parasite. This would make the offspring more fit for the environment and more likely to live long enough to reproduce themselves and pass down the genes. This hypothesis does not mean that the parasite in this example would not be able to coevolve. There are more ways to accumulate adaptations than just sexual selection of partners. DNA mutations can also produce a change in the gene pool only by chance. All organisms regardless of their reproduction style can have mutations happen at any time. This allows all species, even parasites, to coevolve as the other species in their symbiotic relationships also evolve.

Euthanasia Essay Assisted Suicide - 927 Words

Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide In her paper entitled Euthanasia, Phillipa Foot notes that euthanasia should be thought of as inducing or otherwise opting for death for the sake of the one who is to die (MI, 8). In Moral Matters, Jan Narveson argues, successfully I think, that given moral grounds for suicide, voluntary euthanasia is morally acceptable (at least, in principle). Daniel Callahan, on the other hand, in his When Self-Determination Runs Amok, counters that the traditional pro-(active) euthanasia arguments concerning self-determination, the distinction between killing and allowing to die, and the skepticism about harmful consequences for society, are flawed. I do not think Callahans reasoning establishes that†¦show more content†¦The difference is underlined by saying that a healthy person would not have died of the natural cause, but the injection would kill both a sick and a healthy person. That is, I think, the wrong way to look at it. Narveson argues that the act of shutting off of the life-s ustaining system is in fact killing the patient, for the patient would have continued living had the action not been taken (the natural course of the disease would have been stayed). Thus the act does indeed kill the patient, and is therefore subject to all the moral considerations thereof: what condition the patient was in and the wishes of the patient had she been able to express them, among other things. In this way, if letting die is not morally wrong as is suggested by Callahan, then killing in the context of euthanasia is not wrong and the self-determination and the killing-letting die likeness arguments for euthanasia do hold. The third argument in Callahans paper brings the consequences of legalizing euthanasia to the forefront, namely the abuse of the law; the difficulty of precisely writing, and the enforcing, the law; and the inherent slipperiness of the moral reasons for legalizing euthanasia in the first place (EI, 413). Any law may be abused. Any law on euthanasia, however, may be carefully crafted in such a way as to minimize these potential abuses (particularly since Holland has already legalized euthanasia, so many potential loopholes can beShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia And Assisted Suicide Essay3656 Words   |  15 PagesEuthanasia and Assisted Suicide Explanatory Essay â€Å"At least 36 terminally ill people died last year after taking lethal medication prescribed by doctors under the Washington State’s new physician assisted suicide law passed in 2009† (Caplin et all). This law makes euthanasia and assisted suicide an option for the terminally ill patient without the interjection from others. Due to the physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia law, terminally ill patients have been requesting physician-assisted suicideRead More Essay on Euthanasia and Doctor-Assisted Suicide1175 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide    This paper will address some of the more popular points of interest involved with the euthanasia-assisted suicide discussion. There are less than a dozen questions which would come to mind in the case of the average individual who has a mild interest in this debate, and the following essay presents information which would satisfy that individuals curiosity on these points of common interest.    Euthanasia and assisted suicide are legal in theRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide910 Words   |  4 PagesBackground about Euthanasia in The Netherlands. Patients Rights Council. Patients Rights Council, n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2015. This website address euthanasia, assisted suicide, advance directive, disability rights, pain control, and more. This article features background information on euthanasia and assisted suicide in the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, for euthanasia or assisted suicide to be legal, â€Å"The patient must be experiencing unbearable pain†¦ must be conscious, The death request must beRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide1755 Words   |  8 PagesIsabella Costa Simao Professor James Kershner English Composition I (ENL 101-02) April 23, 2015 Research Paper Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Death is always a sensitive subject to talk about. That we are all going to one day die is certain. What is unknown is the condition under which it is going to happen. The process of dying is never easy, neither for the individual that is on his or her last stage of live, nor for the family and friends that have to watch someone they love goingRead More Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesAssisted Suicide and Euthanasia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assisted suicide is one of the most controversial topics discussed among people every day. Everyone has his or her own opinion on this topic. This is a socially debated topic that above all else involves someone making a choice, whether it be to continue with life or give up hope and die. This should be a choice that they make themselves. However, In the United States, The land of the free, only one state has legalized assisted suicide. I am for assistedRead More Assisted Suicide Or Euthanasia Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pages ASSISTED SUICIDE or euthanasia On July 26, 1997, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously upheld decisions in New York and Washington State that criminalized assisted suicide. As of April 1999, physicians-assisted suicide is illegal in all but a couple of states. Over thirty states have established laws prohibiting assisted suicide, and of those who don’t have statues, a number of them prohibit it through common law. In Michigan, Jack Kevorkian was initially charged with violating the state statue. HeRead More Euthanasia Essay - Assisted Suicide1579 Words   |  7 PagesAssisted Suicide/Euthanasia      Ã‚   Remarkably, few have noticed that frail, elderly and terminally ill people oppose assisted suicide more than other Americans. The assisted-suicide agenda is moving forward chiefly with vocal support from the young, the able-bodied and the affluent, who may even think that their parents and grandparents share their enthusiasm. They are wrong.    Thus the assisted suicide agenda appears as a victory not for freedom, but for discrimination. At its heartRead MoreEssay on Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia911 Words   |  4 PagesAssisted suicide brings a debate that involves professional, legal and ethical issues about the value of the liberty versus the value of life. However, before conceive an opinion about this topic is necessary know deeply its concept. Assisted suicide is known as the act of ending with the life of a terminal illness patients for end with their insupportable pain. Unlike euthanasia, the decision is not made by the doctor and their families, but by the patient. Therefore, doctors should be able to assistRead More Euthanasia Essay - Assisted Suicide and the Supreme Court1540 Words   |  7 PagesAssisted Suicide and the Supreme Court      Ã‚   After the nations highest court declared that U.S. citizens are not constitutionally guaranteed the right to a physician-assisted suicide, the movement has sort of lost its steam. Why do the Supreme Court Justices consider legalization dangerous? How did it win legislative approval in Oregon in the first place? What is the current trend in public opinion about this question? This essay will delve into these questions. After the U.S. Supreme CourtRead More Euthanasia Essay - Religious Views on Assisted Suicide1212 Words   |  5 PagesOfficial Religious Views on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay is dedicated to the expression of the various official views of religious bodies within our nation. Most major denominations are represented. These religions have long been the custodians of the truth, serving to check the erratic and unpredictable tendencies of political, judicial and social bodies which would have Americans killing off their elderly and handicapped.    The National Association of Evangelicals

Management and Branch free essay sample

Requesting an explanation from the branch head is imperative before communication with anyone else in the company. The branch head is responsible for the overall performance of his branch and as a branch head, he should be held accountable for whatever issues his branch is facing, or at least he needs to explain his side regarding the issues. In doing this, I expect to learn how the branch head deals with the issues, or if he has complete knowledge of them, and what actions did he take to resolve them. †¢ Reading and analyzing the branch’s five-year business reports such as financial, human resources, marketing, customer surveys, etc. Listing possible issues and problems from the business reports. Facts normally don’t lie. Through the business reports, I can gather potential evidences and loopholes in the branch’s operational weaknesses. Likewise, I will know where to start from, considering the presented data. †¢ Conduct interview on each department’s head as a group. Communication with each department’s head in a group will allow discussion of the issues on different perspectives. Preferring a group interview with the department head will allow checking, rechecking, and confirmation of the problems on a wider scope. In this method, I expect that each of the department heads will contribute valuable information that will reveal the root cause of the problems at hand and also, to gather their opinions on how to resolve the issues based on their perspectives. †¢ Conduct internal and external survey through a survey questionnaire. The survey will be done on two important stakeholders of the company: First survey is on the employees and second, the branch clients for the past 12 months. I expect to gather ** PLEASE KEEP IN MIND THAT THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE ESSAY TO BE WRITTEN. Researching and Illustrating your Material Page 2 of 7 information on how employees evaluate all aspects of the branch’s operations, and on how clients evaluate the branch’s service performance. †¢ Conduct interview on some employee executives and employees individually. The purpose of the interview is to confirm the result of the survey. I can gather other information that was not raised on the group interview, perhaps because of job security. I expect to get a deeper understanding of the problem and to get opinions of how to resolve them based on individual perspectives. Step 2: Gathering Information Step 2A â€Å"Employees† 1. Are you happy with your employment? l I expect to learn how many employees are happy and how many are not, with their job. 2. What are the possible reasons for your employment satisfaction/dissatisfaction? l I expect to learn what causes their satisfaction/dissatisfaction. In this question, I trigger employees to share the problems they may be experiencing. 3. In what aspects of its operation, do you think the branch should improve? Please list them and provide your reason/s why. l I expect employees to share their evaluation of the branch’s operations and gather relevant knowledge of where the problems could possibly have started. 4. In reference to number 3 questions, were these improvements started? If not, what do you think are the reasons for its delay? l In this question, I will learn if the employees think that the branch management is aware of the problems that they see and if not, what they feel about not being heard and what they think could be the problem. What do you propose as the best solutions to your listed issues in question number 3? l The question will gather possible solutions to the problems as employees see them. â€Å"Clients† In a scale of 1-5 (1 I the highest and 5 is the lowest) please answer the following questions. This report is also intended to create a clear understanding of the situation and to create relevant solutions. â€Å"Facts and Causes:† †¢ Background data about the agency are as follows: The company that is experiencing the problem is the Roanoke branch of the Phoenix Advertising located at Roanoke, Virginia. Phoenix, Advertising is headquartered at Charlotte, North Carolina and serves clients such as banks, insurance companies and retail chains. As a Vice President for Human Resources Management at Phoenix, the company President to know the ** PLEASE KEEP IN MIND THAT THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE ESSAY TO BE WRITTEN. YOU MUST NOT COPY IT VERBATUM OR ELSE YOU WILL HAVE IT HANDED BACK OR FAIL FOR CHEATING!! PLEASE USE IT AS A REFERENCE, BUT ADD YOUR OWN INFORMATION AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCES!! ** 05002200 Organizing, Researching and Illustrating your Material Page 6 of 7 facts and causes of the turmoil and to be able to create analysis tasked the investigator and relative solutions to the problem. †¢ Relative Information about the Case: The problem has surfaced only when the company President learned that four clients have complained of the work performed in the Roanoke, Virginia branch of the company. The said clients are very important to the company’s overall success. The president also revealed that there were two top management people have left the agency in the last three months. Others, who are also considered as key people in the agency are threatening to leave due to issues of lesser work collaboration. Moreover, the branch is also accepting new clients without proper evaluation of the workloads. The company president requires the investigator to conduct a personal inquiry of the situation. A need to determine and critically analyze the work condition of the branch is also highly necessary. Interviewing several, various employees is important in determining the views and opinions of the stakeholders in the assigned area of work. Looking at various company documents, manuals, and employee management approach is likewise important in the investigation conducted in this situation. â€Å"Impact and Effects:† The investigation proved that the Roanoke Branch of the Phoenix advertising is currently facing management and employee relations problems. The Roanoke management problems significantly affect its employee’s performance and the overall quality and productivity of the branch. One of its problems is the decreasing employee morale and motivation which can be observed and proved through their answers in the conducted interview. The respondents have showed significant decrease in their dedication for their work, and the declining quality of their performances. They also associated this decline to the felt dissatisfaction with the services and the performances of their superiors and the work environment. The employees feel stressful in their work environment which results to increase rate of absenteeism and employee turnover. Lack of or poor communication is also another problem raised by the respondents during the interview. â€Å"Solutions† The various problems discovered in the investigation have to be resolved soon, as this may negatively affect not only Roanoke, but Phoenix Advertising as a whole. The investigator recommends the following solutions: ** PLEASE KEEP IN MIND THAT THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE ESSAY TO BE WRITTEN. YOU MUST NOT COPY IT VERBATUM OR ELSE YOU WILL HAVE IT HANDED BACK OR FAIL FOR CHEATING!! PLEASE USE IT AS A REFERENCE, BUT ADD YOUR OWN INFORMATION AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCES!! ** 05002200 Organizing, Researching and Illustrating your Material Page 7 of 7 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Revise the hiring and recruitment process in the branch particularly on information relative to work assignments, authority of command, and the rights and privileges of employees. The proposal will create a clearer understanding of the purpose of having the employee in the organization, thus, allowing the superiors to use them accordingly based on their skills set, and responsibilities. Reducing the workload of full-time employees and adding more part-time employees especially during peak, seasons to lessen employee tensions. Establish a better and clearer communication line between employees and subordinates, allowing a more productive collaboration between artist, workers and other necessary work personnel in the project. Create a clearer procedure and requirements in the approval of new contracts, relative to the production capabilities of the overall agency, decide and affirm on better quality not only on quality.

Vernacular Languages vs. Latin The Fall of the Babel

Abstract Throughout the centuries, Latin has been the language of the educated. Only knowing Latin, people could read and take part in the scientific, cultural and religious life of the country. As a result, Latin turned into the language of the nobility.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Vernacular Languages vs. Latin: The Fall of the Babel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The access to the literature was thus restricted by the cultural border. Unless one learned Latin, there was no other way to read the literature that interested the given person. At some point people started arguing about this state of affairs. Mostly because of the idea that books might reveal for them something new that they had never been told before, people started taking interest in their mother tongue crawling into the field of literature and science, making the issues of those more understood for the population. Vernacular Languages vs. L atin: The Fall of the Babel Because of the fact that most Middle Age literature was presented in Latin, while education was something that not all people could afford in those times, more and more people became preoccupied with the idea that there must be some way to present the literature in the language that they speak and understand. The problem grew bigger as rime passed, and the people grew weary of the Latin sermons that they could not understand and the books in Latin that watched them with mocking secrecy. Indeed, as Disraeli (1841) put it, â€Å"The performance of the Latin language, during many centuries, retarded the cultivation of the vernacular dialects of Europe.† (106). The situation became complicated as people started expressing their protests against the foreign language as the main one in the state. Finally, the time of the great change came. It began not with a revolt, but with a subtle change that was almost impossible to detect. The phenomenon was called later the Vulgar Latin. Watered with the Celtic words stylized as the Latin ones, with the specific endings and conjugations, these words became the basis of the future vernacular languages to develop. The process was rather long and complicated, but the results were most fruitful and convincing. people have started winning the small areas of the language and they could finally hear something recognizable.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The day of triumph came when even the names of the geographic objects were transformed into the national languages of the people (Wellesley 2000, 14). This was something that no one could believe in several decades before. The idea that the books will be available to every single literate person was close to the revolution, and the first to protest such course of affairs was the clergy. However, there was a long way to go before this triumph would come. The first steps were made as the tenth century came. The overall atmosphere of being captured by writing and speaking in the native language had to find its place in the literature as well, both the scientific and the spiritual. As Le Goff (2006) marks it, Medieval Europe spoke and wrote Latin, and when Latin retreated in the face of the vernacular languages in the tenth century, the so-called Romance tongues (French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese) perpetuated that linguistic heritage. (10) As it can be seen from the abovementioned, it was not that the new languages simply took the place of the Latin language and started reigning in the sphere of literature and science. On the contrary, the new languages took the best of their mother tongue and represented a kind of pidgin – the language that was a mixture of the Celtic and the Latin taken together. The structure was foreign, but the word stock was taken from the Latin language, its idea preserved together with the w ords that came into the newly created languages. It would be reasonable to emphasize the impact of the vernacular poetry that has done its job on pushing the Latin language off its throne and taking the place of the leading language. As the new languages grew and became fuller and fuller with the lexis, the new poets started trying their luck in making verses and creating the literature of the new epoch. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Vernacular Languages vs. Latin: The Fall of the Babel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That was the thing that made the Latin language completely out of fashion even among the crà ¨me of society. That is what Mantello (1996) says on the topic: Old English writing also developed early. Vernacular poetry written by Aldhelm (d. 704/10) is attested but lost. Nonetheless an extensive Latin-Old-English glossary dating from the seventh century can be reconstructed from the evidence of the glossaries found I the libraries of Epinal and Erfurt. Old High German followed next. (123) The importance of these languages developing was immense. Indeed, they helped the nations to be recognized further on as the peoples of their own culture and traditions, with a solid literature and art basis in addition. In fact, the church was arguing a lot in opposition to the new languages appearing, claiming that Bible as the Holy Word cannot be translated into any other languages – which was further on proved wrong y Martin Luther – and did its best to hold Latin as the main language of the state and religion as long as it could. The reasons were quite easy to understand, with all the power that the church beheld over the people with help of the language under their control and the sphere of arts staying still in its development, while the church dogmas and rules were piling up. To sum up, the influence that the new languages development had on the people, the states a nd the cultures of the world was indescribable. It was only after Latin was left for good when the states started developing their fundament for the cultural heritage to pass to the descendants.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In spite of the fact that the importance of the Latin culture is beyond any reasonable doubt and that even now the dead language has found some use in the spheres of medicine, pharmacy and jurisprudence, it is still clear that the new languages formed after the fall of the Latin â€Å"reign† are the very essence of the modern civilization in general and its every state in particular. Without the vernacular languages, the world would have stayed in the stage of the Medieval times. Meanwhile, people must not forget that they owe their culture to the language of the Ancient Rome. References Disraeli I. (1841) Amenities of Literature: Consisting of Sketches and Characters of English Literature. New York, NY: J. H. G. Langley. Le Goff J., Lloyd, J. (2006) The Birth of Europe: 400-1500. New york, NY: Wiley-Blackwell. Mantello F. A. C., Rigg A. G. (1996) Medieval Latin: an Introduction and Bibliographical Guide. Cambridge: CUA Press. Wellesley K. (2000) The Year of the Four Empero rs. Oxford: Routledge. This essay on Vernacular Languages vs. Latin: The Fall of the Babel was written and submitted by user Bi-Beast to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.