What Is the Red Queen Hypothesis

Evolution is the changing in species over time. However, with the way ecosystems work on Earth, many species have a close and important relationship with each other to ensure their survival. These symbiotic relationships, such as the predator-prey relationship, keep the biosphere running correctly and keep species from going extinct. This means as one species evolves, it will affect the other species in some way. This coevolution of the species is like an evolutionary arms race that insists that the other species in the relationship must also evolve to survive. The â€Å"Red Queen† hypothesis in evolution is related to the coevolution of species. It states that species must continuously adapt and evolve to pass on genes to the next generation and also to keep from going extinct when other species within a symbiotic relationship are evolving. First proposed in 1973 by Leigh Van Valen, this part of the hypothesis is especially important in a predator-prey relationship or a parasitic relationship. Predator and Prey Food sources are arguably one of the most important types of relationships in regards to survival of a species. For instance, if a prey species evolves to become faster over a period of time, the predator needs to adapt and evolve to keep using the prey as a reliable food source. Otherwise, the now faster prey will escape, and the predator will lose a food source and potentially go extinct. However, if the predator becomes faster itself, or evolves in another way like becoming stealthier or a better hunter, then the relationship can continue, and the predators will survive. According to the Red Queen hypothesis, this back and forth coevolution of the species is a constant change with smaller adaptations accumulating over long periods of time. Sexual Selection Another part of the Red Queen hypothesis has to do with sexual selection. It relates to the first part of the hypothesis as a mechanism to speed up evolution with the desirable traits. Species that are capable of choosing a mate rather than undergoing asexual reproduction or not having the ability to select a partner can identify characteristics in that partner that are desirable and will produce the more fit offspring for the environment. Hopefully, this mixing of desirable traits will lead to the offspring being chosen through natural selection and the species will continue. This is a particularly helpful mechanism for one species in a symbiotic relationship if the other species cannot undergo sexual selection. Host and Parasite An example of this type of interaction would be a host and parasite relationship. Individuals wanting to mate in an area with an abundance of parasitic relationships may be on the lookout for a mate that seems to be immune to the parasite. Since most parasites are asexual or not able to undergo sexual selection, then the species that can choose an immune mate has an evolutionary advantage. The goal would be to produce offspring that have the trait that makes them immune to the parasite. This would make the offspring more fit for the environment and more likely to live long enough to reproduce themselves and pass down the genes. This hypothesis does not mean that the parasite in this example would not be able to coevolve. There are more ways to accumulate adaptations than just sexual selection of partners. DNA mutations can also produce a change in the gene pool only by chance. All organisms regardless of their reproduction style can have mutations happen at any time. This allows all species, even parasites, to coevolve as the other species in their symbiotic relationships also evolve.

Euthanasia Essay Assisted Suicide - 927 Words

Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide In her paper entitled Euthanasia, Phillipa Foot notes that euthanasia should be thought of as inducing or otherwise opting for death for the sake of the one who is to die (MI, 8). In Moral Matters, Jan Narveson argues, successfully I think, that given moral grounds for suicide, voluntary euthanasia is morally acceptable (at least, in principle). Daniel Callahan, on the other hand, in his When Self-Determination Runs Amok, counters that the traditional pro-(active) euthanasia arguments concerning self-determination, the distinction between killing and allowing to die, and the skepticism about harmful consequences for society, are flawed. I do not think Callahans reasoning establishes that†¦show more content†¦The difference is underlined by saying that a healthy person would not have died of the natural cause, but the injection would kill both a sick and a healthy person. That is, I think, the wrong way to look at it. Narveson argues that the act of shutting off of the life-s ustaining system is in fact killing the patient, for the patient would have continued living had the action not been taken (the natural course of the disease would have been stayed). Thus the act does indeed kill the patient, and is therefore subject to all the moral considerations thereof: what condition the patient was in and the wishes of the patient had she been able to express them, among other things. In this way, if letting die is not morally wrong as is suggested by Callahan, then killing in the context of euthanasia is not wrong and the self-determination and the killing-letting die likeness arguments for euthanasia do hold. The third argument in Callahans paper brings the consequences of legalizing euthanasia to the forefront, namely the abuse of the law; the difficulty of precisely writing, and the enforcing, the law; and the inherent slipperiness of the moral reasons for legalizing euthanasia in the first place (EI, 413). Any law may be abused. Any law on euthanasia, however, may be carefully crafted in such a way as to minimize these potential abuses (particularly since Holland has already legalized euthanasia, so many potential loopholes can beShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia And Assisted Suicide Essay3656 Words   |  15 PagesEuthanasia and Assisted Suicide Explanatory Essay â€Å"At least 36 terminally ill people died last year after taking lethal medication prescribed by doctors under the Washington State’s new physician assisted suicide law passed in 2009† (Caplin et all). This law makes euthanasia and assisted suicide an option for the terminally ill patient without the interjection from others. Due to the physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia law, terminally ill patients have been requesting physician-assisted suicideRead More Essay on Euthanasia and Doctor-Assisted Suicide1175 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide    This paper will address some of the more popular points of interest involved with the euthanasia-assisted suicide discussion. There are less than a dozen questions which would come to mind in the case of the average individual who has a mild interest in this debate, and the following essay presents information which would satisfy that individuals curiosity on these points of common interest.    Euthanasia and assisted suicide are legal in theRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide910 Words   |  4 PagesBackground about Euthanasia in The Netherlands. Patients Rights Council. Patients Rights Council, n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2015. This website address euthanasia, assisted suicide, advance directive, disability rights, pain control, and more. This article features background information on euthanasia and assisted suicide in the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, for euthanasia or assisted suicide to be legal, â€Å"The patient must be experiencing unbearable pain†¦ must be conscious, The death request must beRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide1755 Words   |  8 PagesIsabella Costa Simao Professor James Kershner English Composition I (ENL 101-02) April 23, 2015 Research Paper Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Death is always a sensitive subject to talk about. That we are all going to one day die is certain. What is unknown is the condition under which it is going to happen. The process of dying is never easy, neither for the individual that is on his or her last stage of live, nor for the family and friends that have to watch someone they love goingRead More Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesAssisted Suicide and Euthanasia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assisted suicide is one of the most controversial topics discussed among people every day. Everyone has his or her own opinion on this topic. This is a socially debated topic that above all else involves someone making a choice, whether it be to continue with life or give up hope and die. This should be a choice that they make themselves. However, In the United States, The land of the free, only one state has legalized assisted suicide. I am for assistedRead More Assisted Suicide Or Euthanasia Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pages ASSISTED SUICIDE or euthanasia On July 26, 1997, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously upheld decisions in New York and Washington State that criminalized assisted suicide. As of April 1999, physicians-assisted suicide is illegal in all but a couple of states. Over thirty states have established laws prohibiting assisted suicide, and of those who don’t have statues, a number of them prohibit it through common law. In Michigan, Jack Kevorkian was initially charged with violating the state statue. HeRead More Euthanasia Essay - Assisted Suicide1579 Words   |  7 PagesAssisted Suicide/Euthanasia      Ã‚   Remarkably, few have noticed that frail, elderly and terminally ill people oppose assisted suicide more than other Americans. The assisted-suicide agenda is moving forward chiefly with vocal support from the young, the able-bodied and the affluent, who may even think that their parents and grandparents share their enthusiasm. They are wrong.    Thus the assisted suicide agenda appears as a victory not for freedom, but for discrimination. At its heartRead MoreEssay on Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia911 Words   |  4 PagesAssisted suicide brings a debate that involves professional, legal and ethical issues about the value of the liberty versus the value of life. However, before conceive an opinion about this topic is necessary know deeply its concept. Assisted suicide is known as the act of ending with the life of a terminal illness patients for end with their insupportable pain. Unlike euthanasia, the decision is not made by the doctor and their families, but by the patient. Therefore, doctors should be able to assistRead More Euthanasia Essay - Assisted Suicide and the Supreme Court1540 Words   |  7 PagesAssisted Suicide and the Supreme Court      Ã‚   After the nations highest court declared that U.S. citizens are not constitutionally guaranteed the right to a physician-assisted suicide, the movement has sort of lost its steam. Why do the Supreme Court Justices consider legalization dangerous? How did it win legislative approval in Oregon in the first place? What is the current trend in public opinion about this question? This essay will delve into these questions. After the U.S. Supreme CourtRead More Euthanasia Essay - Religious Views on Assisted Suicide1212 Words   |  5 PagesOfficial Religious Views on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay is dedicated to the expression of the various official views of religious bodies within our nation. Most major denominations are represented. These religions have long been the custodians of the truth, serving to check the erratic and unpredictable tendencies of political, judicial and social bodies which would have Americans killing off their elderly and handicapped.    The National Association of Evangelicals

Management and Branch free essay sample

Requesting an explanation from the branch head is imperative before communication with anyone else in the company. The branch head is responsible for the overall performance of his branch and as a branch head, he should be held accountable for whatever issues his branch is facing, or at least he needs to explain his side regarding the issues. In doing this, I expect to learn how the branch head deals with the issues, or if he has complete knowledge of them, and what actions did he take to resolve them. †¢ Reading and analyzing the branch’s five-year business reports such as financial, human resources, marketing, customer surveys, etc. Listing possible issues and problems from the business reports. Facts normally don’t lie. Through the business reports, I can gather potential evidences and loopholes in the branch’s operational weaknesses. Likewise, I will know where to start from, considering the presented data. †¢ Conduct interview on each department’s head as a group. Communication with each department’s head in a group will allow discussion of the issues on different perspectives. Preferring a group interview with the department head will allow checking, rechecking, and confirmation of the problems on a wider scope. In this method, I expect that each of the department heads will contribute valuable information that will reveal the root cause of the problems at hand and also, to gather their opinions on how to resolve the issues based on their perspectives. †¢ Conduct internal and external survey through a survey questionnaire. The survey will be done on two important stakeholders of the company: First survey is on the employees and second, the branch clients for the past 12 months. I expect to gather ** PLEASE KEEP IN MIND THAT THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE ESSAY TO BE WRITTEN. Researching and Illustrating your Material Page 2 of 7 information on how employees evaluate all aspects of the branch’s operations, and on how clients evaluate the branch’s service performance. †¢ Conduct interview on some employee executives and employees individually. The purpose of the interview is to confirm the result of the survey. I can gather other information that was not raised on the group interview, perhaps because of job security. I expect to get a deeper understanding of the problem and to get opinions of how to resolve them based on individual perspectives. Step 2: Gathering Information Step 2A â€Å"Employees† 1. Are you happy with your employment? l I expect to learn how many employees are happy and how many are not, with their job. 2. What are the possible reasons for your employment satisfaction/dissatisfaction? l I expect to learn what causes their satisfaction/dissatisfaction. In this question, I trigger employees to share the problems they may be experiencing. 3. In what aspects of its operation, do you think the branch should improve? Please list them and provide your reason/s why. l I expect employees to share their evaluation of the branch’s operations and gather relevant knowledge of where the problems could possibly have started. 4. In reference to number 3 questions, were these improvements started? If not, what do you think are the reasons for its delay? l In this question, I will learn if the employees think that the branch management is aware of the problems that they see and if not, what they feel about not being heard and what they think could be the problem. What do you propose as the best solutions to your listed issues in question number 3? l The question will gather possible solutions to the problems as employees see them. â€Å"Clients† In a scale of 1-5 (1 I the highest and 5 is the lowest) please answer the following questions. This report is also intended to create a clear understanding of the situation and to create relevant solutions. â€Å"Facts and Causes:† †¢ Background data about the agency are as follows: The company that is experiencing the problem is the Roanoke branch of the Phoenix Advertising located at Roanoke, Virginia. Phoenix, Advertising is headquartered at Charlotte, North Carolina and serves clients such as banks, insurance companies and retail chains. As a Vice President for Human Resources Management at Phoenix, the company President to know the ** PLEASE KEEP IN MIND THAT THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE ESSAY TO BE WRITTEN. YOU MUST NOT COPY IT VERBATUM OR ELSE YOU WILL HAVE IT HANDED BACK OR FAIL FOR CHEATING!! PLEASE USE IT AS A REFERENCE, BUT ADD YOUR OWN INFORMATION AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCES!! ** 05002200 Organizing, Researching and Illustrating your Material Page 6 of 7 facts and causes of the turmoil and to be able to create analysis tasked the investigator and relative solutions to the problem. †¢ Relative Information about the Case: The problem has surfaced only when the company President learned that four clients have complained of the work performed in the Roanoke, Virginia branch of the company. The said clients are very important to the company’s overall success. The president also revealed that there were two top management people have left the agency in the last three months. Others, who are also considered as key people in the agency are threatening to leave due to issues of lesser work collaboration. Moreover, the branch is also accepting new clients without proper evaluation of the workloads. The company president requires the investigator to conduct a personal inquiry of the situation. A need to determine and critically analyze the work condition of the branch is also highly necessary. Interviewing several, various employees is important in determining the views and opinions of the stakeholders in the assigned area of work. Looking at various company documents, manuals, and employee management approach is likewise important in the investigation conducted in this situation. â€Å"Impact and Effects:† The investigation proved that the Roanoke Branch of the Phoenix advertising is currently facing management and employee relations problems. The Roanoke management problems significantly affect its employee’s performance and the overall quality and productivity of the branch. One of its problems is the decreasing employee morale and motivation which can be observed and proved through their answers in the conducted interview. The respondents have showed significant decrease in their dedication for their work, and the declining quality of their performances. They also associated this decline to the felt dissatisfaction with the services and the performances of their superiors and the work environment. The employees feel stressful in their work environment which results to increase rate of absenteeism and employee turnover. Lack of or poor communication is also another problem raised by the respondents during the interview. â€Å"Solutions† The various problems discovered in the investigation have to be resolved soon, as this may negatively affect not only Roanoke, but Phoenix Advertising as a whole. The investigator recommends the following solutions: ** PLEASE KEEP IN MIND THAT THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE ESSAY TO BE WRITTEN. YOU MUST NOT COPY IT VERBATUM OR ELSE YOU WILL HAVE IT HANDED BACK OR FAIL FOR CHEATING!! PLEASE USE IT AS A REFERENCE, BUT ADD YOUR OWN INFORMATION AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCES!! ** 05002200 Organizing, Researching and Illustrating your Material Page 7 of 7 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Revise the hiring and recruitment process in the branch particularly on information relative to work assignments, authority of command, and the rights and privileges of employees. The proposal will create a clearer understanding of the purpose of having the employee in the organization, thus, allowing the superiors to use them accordingly based on their skills set, and responsibilities. Reducing the workload of full-time employees and adding more part-time employees especially during peak, seasons to lessen employee tensions. Establish a better and clearer communication line between employees and subordinates, allowing a more productive collaboration between artist, workers and other necessary work personnel in the project. Create a clearer procedure and requirements in the approval of new contracts, relative to the production capabilities of the overall agency, decide and affirm on better quality not only on quality.

Vernacular Languages vs. Latin The Fall of the Babel

Abstract Throughout the centuries, Latin has been the language of the educated. Only knowing Latin, people could read and take part in the scientific, cultural and religious life of the country. As a result, Latin turned into the language of the nobility.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Vernacular Languages vs. Latin: The Fall of the Babel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The access to the literature was thus restricted by the cultural border. Unless one learned Latin, there was no other way to read the literature that interested the given person. At some point people started arguing about this state of affairs. Mostly because of the idea that books might reveal for them something new that they had never been told before, people started taking interest in their mother tongue crawling into the field of literature and science, making the issues of those more understood for the population. Vernacular Languages vs. L atin: The Fall of the Babel Because of the fact that most Middle Age literature was presented in Latin, while education was something that not all people could afford in those times, more and more people became preoccupied with the idea that there must be some way to present the literature in the language that they speak and understand. The problem grew bigger as rime passed, and the people grew weary of the Latin sermons that they could not understand and the books in Latin that watched them with mocking secrecy. Indeed, as Disraeli (1841) put it, â€Å"The performance of the Latin language, during many centuries, retarded the cultivation of the vernacular dialects of Europe.† (106). The situation became complicated as people started expressing their protests against the foreign language as the main one in the state. Finally, the time of the great change came. It began not with a revolt, but with a subtle change that was almost impossible to detect. The phenomenon was called later the Vulgar Latin. Watered with the Celtic words stylized as the Latin ones, with the specific endings and conjugations, these words became the basis of the future vernacular languages to develop. The process was rather long and complicated, but the results were most fruitful and convincing. people have started winning the small areas of the language and they could finally hear something recognizable.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The day of triumph came when even the names of the geographic objects were transformed into the national languages of the people (Wellesley 2000, 14). This was something that no one could believe in several decades before. The idea that the books will be available to every single literate person was close to the revolution, and the first to protest such course of affairs was the clergy. However, there was a long way to go before this triumph would come. The first steps were made as the tenth century came. The overall atmosphere of being captured by writing and speaking in the native language had to find its place in the literature as well, both the scientific and the spiritual. As Le Goff (2006) marks it, Medieval Europe spoke and wrote Latin, and when Latin retreated in the face of the vernacular languages in the tenth century, the so-called Romance tongues (French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese) perpetuated that linguistic heritage. (10) As it can be seen from the abovementioned, it was not that the new languages simply took the place of the Latin language and started reigning in the sphere of literature and science. On the contrary, the new languages took the best of their mother tongue and represented a kind of pidgin – the language that was a mixture of the Celtic and the Latin taken together. The structure was foreign, but the word stock was taken from the Latin language, its idea preserved together with the w ords that came into the newly created languages. It would be reasonable to emphasize the impact of the vernacular poetry that has done its job on pushing the Latin language off its throne and taking the place of the leading language. As the new languages grew and became fuller and fuller with the lexis, the new poets started trying their luck in making verses and creating the literature of the new epoch. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Vernacular Languages vs. Latin: The Fall of the Babel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That was the thing that made the Latin language completely out of fashion even among the crà ¨me of society. That is what Mantello (1996) says on the topic: Old English writing also developed early. Vernacular poetry written by Aldhelm (d. 704/10) is attested but lost. Nonetheless an extensive Latin-Old-English glossary dating from the seventh century can be reconstructed from the evidence of the glossaries found I the libraries of Epinal and Erfurt. Old High German followed next. (123) The importance of these languages developing was immense. Indeed, they helped the nations to be recognized further on as the peoples of their own culture and traditions, with a solid literature and art basis in addition. In fact, the church was arguing a lot in opposition to the new languages appearing, claiming that Bible as the Holy Word cannot be translated into any other languages – which was further on proved wrong y Martin Luther – and did its best to hold Latin as the main language of the state and religion as long as it could. The reasons were quite easy to understand, with all the power that the church beheld over the people with help of the language under their control and the sphere of arts staying still in its development, while the church dogmas and rules were piling up. To sum up, the influence that the new languages development had on the people, the states a nd the cultures of the world was indescribable. It was only after Latin was left for good when the states started developing their fundament for the cultural heritage to pass to the descendants.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In spite of the fact that the importance of the Latin culture is beyond any reasonable doubt and that even now the dead language has found some use in the spheres of medicine, pharmacy and jurisprudence, it is still clear that the new languages formed after the fall of the Latin â€Å"reign† are the very essence of the modern civilization in general and its every state in particular. Without the vernacular languages, the world would have stayed in the stage of the Medieval times. Meanwhile, people must not forget that they owe their culture to the language of the Ancient Rome. References Disraeli I. (1841) Amenities of Literature: Consisting of Sketches and Characters of English Literature. New York, NY: J. H. G. Langley. Le Goff J., Lloyd, J. (2006) The Birth of Europe: 400-1500. New york, NY: Wiley-Blackwell. Mantello F. A. C., Rigg A. G. (1996) Medieval Latin: an Introduction and Bibliographical Guide. Cambridge: CUA Press. Wellesley K. (2000) The Year of the Four Empero rs. Oxford: Routledge. This essay on Vernacular Languages vs. Latin: The Fall of the Babel was written and submitted by user Bi-Beast to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Euro History Essay Example

Euro History Essay The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism 1. The of Napoleon Bonaparte a. The chief threat to the Directory came form royalists who hoped to restore the Bourbon monarchy by legal means. Many of the emigres had returned to France and their plans for a restoration drew support from devout Catholics and from citizens disgusted from the outcome of the revoulution. Monarchy promised stability. b. The spring elections of 1797 replaced most incumbents with constitutional monarchists, giving them a majority in the national legislature.At the request of the Directors, Napoleon Bonaparte, the general in charge of the French invasion of Italy, had sent a subordinate to Paris to guarantee the success of the coup. 2. Early Victories of Napoleon c. Napoleon’s invasion of Italy was aimed towards depriving Austria of its rich Northern-Italian province of Lombardy. Napoleon was able to crush the Austrian and Sardinian armies. This skirmish was concluded with the Treaty of Campo Formio in Oct. 1797. This took Austria out of the war and crowned Napoleon’s campaign with success, allowing France to control all of Italy and Switzerland. . In November 1797, Napoleon returned home to confront France’s only remaining enemy, Britain. Instead of crossing the channel and invading Britain directly, Napoleon instead decided to attack Egypt from the Ottoman Empire. i. Napoleon easily overran Egypt, but the invasion was a failure because the French fleet was destroyed in 1798, cutting off the army form France. The Ottoman, Russians, Austrians, and British joined together to create the Second Coalition Against France in 1799 and the Russians and Austrians retook Italy and Switzerland from French control. 3.The Constitution of the Year VIII e. A new constitution was proposed by Abbe Sieyes. He wanted an executive body independent of the whims of electoral politics, a government based on the principle of â€Å"confidence form below, power from above. † ii. To do this, another coup would be necessary and Napoleon returned home to join with Abbe. The troops were able to ensure the success of the coup. iii. The proposed constitution divided executive authority among three consuls. Napoleon quickly pushed Sieyes aside and issued the Constitution of the Year VIII. iv.The new constitution established the rule of one man, the First Consul, Napoleon Bonaparte. v. He was the first modern political figure to use the rhetoric of revolution and nationalism, to back it with military force, and to combine these elements into a mighty weapon of imperial expansion in the service of his own power. 4. The Consulate in France (1799-1804) f. The Consulate ended the Revolution in France. The Third Estate had abolished hereditary privilege, and the careers thus opened to talent allowed them to achieve wealth, status and security for their property.Napoleon offered security for those of the wealthy upper Third Estate. vi. The voters approved his constitution. 5. Suppressing Foreign Enemies and Domestic Opposition g. Napoleon justified the public’s confidence in himself by making peace with France’s enemies. Russia had already left the Second Coalition. A campaign in Italy brought another victory over Austria in 1800. vii. The Treaty of Luneville took Austria out of the war. Britain was now alone and in 1802, the Treaty of Amiens brought peace to Europe. viii. Napoleon restored peace at home by using flattery and bribery to win over his enemies.He required that they be loyal to him and no more. Napoleon ruthlessly suppressed any opposition. ix. Napoleon established a centralized administration, employed a secret police and stamped out the royalist rebellion in the west. x. An attack on his life gave Napoleon an excuse to persecute the Jacobins. He also violated the sovereignty of the German state of Baden to seize and execute the Bourbon duke of Enghien. 6. Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church h. When the French armies invaded Italy, they had driven Pope Pius VI from Rome, and he eventually died in exile in France.Napoleon concluded a concordat with Pope Pius VII. This agreement required both the refractory clergy and those who had accepted the revolution to resign. i. It also declared that Catholicism is the religion of the great majority of French citizens. The clergy had to swear loyalty to the state. The Organic Articles of 1802 established the supremacy of state over the Church. 7. The Napoleonic Code j. In 1802, a plebiscite ratified Napoleon as consul for life, and he soon produced another constitution that granted him what amounted to full power.The Civil Code of 1804 was made to reform and codify French law. xi. The code safeguarded all forms of property and all the privileges based on birth that the revolution had overthrown remained abolished. xii. The conservative attitudes toward labor and women received full support. Workers’ organizations remained forbidden, and workers had f ewer rights than their employers. xiii. Property was distributed amongst all children rather than the eldest child receiving all of the land. Divorce remained more difficult for women than men and early on, code differed from region to region. . Establishing a Dynasty k. Napoleon tried to make himself emperor. He argued that establishing a dynasty would make the new regime secure and make further attempts on his life useless. Napoleon later became the Emperor of the French. 9. Napoleon’s Empire (1804-1814) l. Everywhere, Napoleon’s advance unleashed the powerful force of nationalism. Napoleon could put 700,000 men under arms at one time, risk 100,000 troops in a battle, endure heavy loses, and fight again. 10. Conquering an Empire m. The Peace of Amiens between France and Britain was merely a truce.Napoleon sent an army to restore the rebellious colony of Haiti to French rule. This moved roused British suspicions and fear that Napoleon was planning a new French empire in the Americas, because Spain had recently restored Louisiana to French rule. n. Britain declared war in May 1803. William Pitt returned to the position of Prime Minister in 1804 and began to instruct the Third Coalition. By August 1805, he had persuaded Russia and Austria to join. On Oct. 21, 1805, Lord Nelson destroyed both Spanish and French vessels at the Battle of Trafalgar, winning the battle and losing no ships.Lord Nelson died during battle. This battle ensured that the French would not be invading England and it guaranteed England sea power throughout the whole war. o. In mid-October Napoleon forced an Austrian army to surrender at Ulm and occupied Vienna. On December 2, 1805, Napoleon defeated the combined Austrian and Russian forces at Austerlitz. The Treaty of Pressburg that followed won major concessions from Austria. The Austrians withdrew form Italy and allowed Napoleon of everything North of Rome. xiv. Napoleon made political changes in Germany.In July 1806, he orga nized the Confederation of the Rhine, which included most of the Western German princes. Their withdrawal form the H. R. E led Francis II to dissolve that ancient political body and henceforth, call himself Emperor Francis I of Austria. xv. Prussia also went to war on France. Napoleon’s army quickly crushed the famous Prussian army at Jena and Auerstadt on October 14, 1806. On November 21, he issued the Berlin Decrees, forbidding his allies form importing British goods. On June 13, 1807, Napoleon defeated the Russians at Friedland and occupied East Prussia. p.Tsar Alexander was ready to make peace. He and Napoleon met on a raft in the Niemen River while two armies and the King of Prussia waited on the bank. On July 7, 1807, they signed the Treaty of Tilsit, which confirmed France’s gains. Prussia lost half of its territories. Prussia openly and Russia secretly became allies with Napoleon. xvi. Members of Napoleon’s family governed important areas and territories . 11. The Continental System q. Napoleon knew that he must defeat the British before he felt safe. He continued the economic warfare the Berlin Decrees had begun, because he couldn’t face them on the seas. vii. Despite initial drops in exports and domestic unrest, the British economy survived. British control of the seas assured access to the growing markets of North and South America and of the Mediterranean. xviii. The Continental System badly hurt the economies of Europe. Napoleon rejected advice to turn his empire into a free-trade area. Instead, his tariff policies favored France, increased the resentment of foreign merchants, and made people more ready to engage in smuggling. r. European Response to the Empire xix. Feudal privileges disappeared and the peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues.In the towns, the guilds and local monarchies were dissolved and the established churches lost their independence and were made subordinate to the state. 12. German Natio nalism and Prussian Reform s. Many German intellectuals began to urge resistance to Napoleon on the basis of German nationalism. Many nationalists also criticized the German princes, who ruled selfishly and ineffectively and seemed ready to lick Napoleon’s boots. Many Germans sought to fix their problems by creating one, unified German state. t. Although they seemed defeated, Prussia still attempted to resist.The Prussian administrative and social reforms were the work of Baron vom Stein and Prince von Hardenburg. Neither intended to take power away from the nobles and Junkers. These reforms brought great changes in Prussian society. Stein’s work broke the Junker monopoly of land and abolished serfdom. Although it was abolished, Junkers ensured that vestiges of the system survived. Former serfs were set free, bit others stayed and continued to partake in manorial labor. The Junker holdings grew to the manorial lands given to the peasants. u. Military reforms sought to increase the supply of soldiers.Jena showed that an army of free patriots commanded by officers chosen on merit and not by birth could defeat an army of serfs and mercenaries commanded by incompetent nobles. The reformers also abolished inhumane military punishments, sought to inspire patriotic feelings in the soldiers, and gave promotions based on merit. v. These reforms enabled Prussia to regain its former power. Napoleon’s army= 42,000 men. Prussian army=270,000 men. 13. The Wars of Liberation w. Spain xx. The Spanish peasants were devoted to the ruling dynasty and especially to the Roman Catholic Church.France and Spain had been allies since 1796. Napoleon sent an army to Portugal to force them to abandon its traditional alliance with Britain. The army stayed in Spain, and used a revolt in Madrid as pretext to dispose of the Spanish Bourbons. Napoleon’s plan was to put his brother on the throne. Attacks on the privileges of the church increased public outrage. 1. T hese problems caused the peasants to rebel. 2. Guerilla bands cut lines of communication, killed stragglers, destroyed isolated units, and then disappeared into the mountains. Britain sent an army as well, beginning a ong peninsular war that would drain French strength from elsewhere in Europe. x. Austria xxi. The Austrians counted on Napoleon’s distraction in Spain, French war weariness, and aid from other German princes. The German princes did nothing, for Napoleon was in charge. The French army swiftly marched into Austria and won the Battle of Wagram. The Peace of Schonbrunn deprived Austria of much land and 3. 5 million subjects. Napoleon married the Austrian archduchess Marie Louise, for his wife who was 46 years old bore no child. Napoleon then divorced his wife Josephine and married the 18 year old archduchess. 4. The Invasion of Russia y. Russian nobles disliked the alliance because of the liberal policies of France and because of the Continental System prohibited ti mber sales to Britain. Napoleon gave the Russians no help in taking Constantinople from the Ottoman Empire. At the end of 1810, Napoleon withdrew from the Continental System and began to prepare for war. z. Napoleon amassed an army of more than 600,000 men, including a core of Frenchmen and 400,000 soldiers from other parts of his empire. The Russians retreated, for they only had an army of 160,00 troops, not enough to battle Napoleon.They decided to follow a â€Å"scorched earth† policy, burning everything in their frantic wake. Napoleon’s army could not live off of the land. xxii. Rain, heat and food and water shortages eroded at the morale of the army and Napoleon was urged to retreat. {. In September 1812, Russian public opinion forced the army to give Napoleon the battle he wanted despite the Russian general Mikhail Kutuzov’s wish to let the invader brave the Russian winter. The Battle of Borodino claimed 30,00 French lives and 60,000 Russian lives, yet it was regarded as a loss for Napoleon because he gained nothing at all. xiii. The Russians set fire to the city of Moscow and Napoleon eventually took the city. His armies were diminished and winter was about to fall upon Russia, so Napoleon attempted to make peace with Alexander, but he refused. By October, all that was left of Napoleon’s army was forced to retreat. Napoleon realized that this ordeal put him in danger at home. He returned with only 100,000 of the original 600,00 men. 15. European Coalition |. Napoleon was able to put down his opponents in Paris and gather another army of 350,000 men.Napoleon would not consider peace with Austria although Austria was ready to accept it. }. In 1813, patriotic pressure and national ambition brought together the last and most powerful coalition against France. The Russians drove westward and Prussia and Austria soon joined them. Vast amounts of British money supported them. Spain marched an army into France and Napoleon’s w orn-out, inexperienced and poorly equipped army could not hold out. The generals were tired and defeat was unavoidable. Still, Napoleon waged a skillful campaign in central Europe and defeated the allies at Dresden.The combined armies at Leipzig defeated Napoleon in October at the Battle of the Nations. Allied armies marched into Paris in March 1814, and Napoleon went into exile in Elba. 16. The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement ~. Fear of Napoleon and hostility to his ambitions had held the coalition together. As soon as he was removed, each nation pursued their separate ambitions. Robert Stewart, British foreign secretary, helped achieve an agreement between the states. He brought about the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont on March 9, 1814.It restored the Bourbons to the French throne and the contracted France to its frontiers of 1792. Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia agreed to for a Quadruple Alliance for 20 years. 17. Territorial Adjustments . The Congress of Vienna gathered in September 1814, but did not conclude its work until November 1815. The 4 great powers conducted the important work of the conference. All the victors agreed that no single state should be allowed to dominate Europe and all were determined to prevent France from doing so again. The restoration of the Bourbons was meant to keep France calm and safe. The powers also strengthened the states around France’s borders to serve as barriers to renewed French expansion. They established the kingdom of Netherlands. Prussia was given important new territories along the Rhine River to deter French aggression in the West. Austria gained full control over Northern Italy. The H. R. E was not revived and as for Germany, most of Napoleon’s territorial holdings were left untouched. . Alexander I of Russia wanted all of Poland under his rule and Prussia was willing to it to them for all of Saxony, which allied with Napoleon.Austria didn’t allow the surrender of Po land for fear that Russia would penetrate deeper into Europe and Prussia would gain more power. 18. The Hundred Days and the Quadruple Alliance . Napoleon’s return from Alba on March 1, 1815, further united the victors. The French army was still loyal to Napoleon and many people still preferred his rule to that of the Bourbons. The coalition was diminishing, so Napoleon escaped to France and retook all power. He declared a liberal constitution and promised a peaceful foreign policy. They declared Napoleon an outlaw and sent their armies to crush him.Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo in Belgium on June 18, 1815. Napoleon was again exiled to Saint Helena where he died in 1821. . The Hundred Days frightened the great powers and made the peace settlement harsher for France. The victors imposed an army of occupation on the French. Alexander proposed a Holy Alliance, in where the monarchs promised to act in accordance with Christian Principles. . England, Austria, Prussia and Russi a renewed the Quadruple Alliance on November 20, 1815 and this time, the powers were determined to prevent war.The chief aims of the Congress of Vienna were to prevent a recurrence of the Napoleonic nightmare and to maintain peace. They aimed to establish a framework for stability, not to punish France. . The nations established a new legal framework whereby treaties were made between monarchs. The European leaders had come to calculate the nature of political and economic powers. 19. The Romantic Movement . Romanticism was a reaction against much of the thought of the Enlightenment. Writers and artists saw the imagination or such intuitive intellectual faculty supplementing reason as a means to perceive and understand the world.Many encouraged a revival of Christianity in all of Europe. Romantics liked the art, literature and architecture of medieval times. 20. Rousseau and Education . Rousseau shared in many of the enlightened ideas, but he also opposed many of its facets. His con viction that society and material prosperity had corrupted human nature profoundly influenced Romantic writers. In his novel Emile, Rousseau set forth his view on how the individual could develop to lead a good and happy life uncorrupted by society. xxiv.In Emile, Rousseau stressed the difference between children and adults. He distinguished the stages of maturation and urged that children should be raised with the maximum amount of freedom. Each child should be able to grow freely and to learn by trial and error what reality is like and how to deal with it. The parent or teacher would only be there to provide the child with the necessities of life and to keep them from harm. xxv. Rousseau also though that adults should allow the child’s sentiments, as well as he or she’s reason, to flourish. 21. Kant and Reason Immanuel Kant wrote the two greatest philosophical writings of the late 18th century: The Critique of Pure Reason and The Critique of Practical Reason. He soug ht to accept the rationalism of the Enlightenment and to still preserve a belief in human freedom, immortality and the existence of God. For Kant, the human mind does not simply reflect the world around it like a passive mirror; rather, it actively imposes on the world of sensory experience. In other words, the mind perceives the world as it does because of its own internal mental categories. Kant found the sphere of reality that was accessible to pure reason. Kant believed that beyond reality there was a â€Å"noumenal† world. This world is a sphere of moral and aesthetic reality known by â€Å"practical reason† and conscience. He also believed that humans possess an innate sense of moral duty or awareness, which he called categorical imperative. Kant postulated the existence of God, eternal life, and future rewards and punishments. 22. Romantic Literature . The word Romantic was used to describe literature that neoclassical writers considered unreal, sentimental or e xcessively fanciful.In England and Germany, the term came to be applied to all literature that did not observe classical forms and rules and gave free play to the imagination. Wilhelm von Schlegel wrote Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. 23. English Romantic Writers . The English Romantics believed poetry was enhanced by freely following the creative impulses of the mind. These ideas opposed that of Locke. . Wordsworth and Coleridge published Lyrical Ballads together in 1798 as a manifesto of a new poetry that rejected the rules of 18th century criticism. Many Romantic writers and poets disliked and distrusted Lord Byron. He rejected the old traditions and championed the cause of personal liberty. Byron wrote Don Juan. 24. The German Romantic Writers . Romantic novels were highly sentimental and borrowed material from medieval romances. The characters were treated as symbols of the larger truth of life. xxvi. Friedrich Schlegel wrote the progressive early Romantic novel Lucind e that attacked prejudices against women as capable of being little more than lovers and domestics.His novel reveals the ability of Romantics to become involved in the social issues of their day. xxvii. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe towered above all other German writers. As the greatest German writer f modern times, Goethe defies easy classification. Goethe wrote both The Sorrows of Young Werther and Faust. 25. The Cult of the Middle Ages and Neo-Gothicism . Constable and other Romantics tended to idealize rural life because they believed it was connected to the medieval past and was opposed to the increasingly urban, industrializing, commercial society that was developing around them. 26.Nature and the Sublime . Romantic artists also sought to portray nature in all of its majestic power as no previous generation of European artists had ever done. The artists were drawn toward the mysterious and unruly side of nature rather than toward the rational Newtonian. Their works often sought to portray that they and others termed the sublime. The sublime: subjects from nature that aroused strong emotions, such as fear, dread, and awe, and raised questions about whether and how much we control our lives. . Romantics saw nature as a set of infinite forces that overwhelmed the smallness of humankind. 7. Religion in the Romantic Period . During the Middle Ages, the foundation of religion had been the authority of the church. The Romantic thinkers sought the foundations of religion in the inner emotions of humankind. These thinkers also saw religious faith, experiences and institutions as central to human life. 28. Methodism . Methodism originated in the middle of the 18th century as a revolt against deism and rationalism in the Church of England. The Methodist revival formed an important part of the background of English Romanticism.In 1739, Wesley, the leader of the Methodist movement, began to preach in the open fields near the cities and towns. Methodist societies began to form and missionaries were sent overseas in their name. Methodism stressed inward, heartfelt religion and the possibility of Christian perfection in this life. 29. New Directions in Continental Religion . Against the Newtonian view of the world and of a rational God, the Romantics found God immanent in nature. 30. Herder and Culture . Romanticists glorified both the individual person and individual cultures.German Romantic writers went in search of their own past in reaction to the copying of French manners in 18th century Germany, the impact of the French revolution, and the imperialism of Napoleon. Herder saw human beings and societies as developing organically over time. Human beings were different at different times and places. Herder revived German folk culture by urging the collection and preservation of distinctive German songs and sayings. Herder opposed both the concept and the use of a common language as well as universal institutions. 31. Hegel and History Hegel is one of the most complicated and significant philosophers in the history of Western civilization. Hegel believed ideas develop in an evolutionary fashion that involves conflict. At any given time, a predominant set of ideas, which he termed thesis, holds sway. Conflicting ideas, termed antithesis, challenge the thesis. As these patterns of thought clash, a synthesis emerges that eventually becomes the new thesis. xxviii. Several important philosophical conclusions followed form this analysis. 3. The belief that all periods of history have been f almost equal value because each was, by definition, necessary to the achievements of those that came later. 4. Also, cultures are vulnerable because each contributes humankind to develop. 32. Islam, the Middle East, and Romanticism . The new religious, literary, and historical sensibilities of the Romantic period modified the European understanding of both Islam and the Arab world while at the same time preserving long-standing attitudes. In the 19th century, Islam was unfavorable in the political life. Also, other Romantic sensibilities induced Europeans to see Muslims in a positive fashion.The Romantic emphasis on the value of literature drawn from different cultures and ages allowed many 19th century European readers to enjoy Middle Eastern writing and stories. Mohammad caused Islam to be seen as a monotheistic faith rather than a polytheistic faith. Hegel believed that Islam had already played its role in history and that its role was now extinguished. Two cultural effects in the West of Napoleon’s invasion were an increase in the number of European visitors to the Middle East and a demand for architecture based on ancient Egyptian models.

Steve essays

Steve essays I attended Steves tap concert. In his concert, he narrated his life as the tap dancer and he danced along with his life story. Throughout his concert, I found his tap steps that showed both individuality and stereotype, and his costume that established the individual image of tap dance. I found lighting that evoked mood, and stage equipment that showed his sense of originality. I also noticed his talking skill that captured the audience with his narration, and composition of his stage that carried the audience with him from beginning to end. I felt fun, happiness, and deep impression. Moreover, I felt his stance on tap dance from his stage. At the first part act as introduction, Steve walked slowly up to the front of the stage having square box. Then he brought the table on wheels and set it up on the right side of the stage. His costume was dark gray jacket and pants. His costume was more casual than the costume that I expected, which was a combination of a silk hat, a bow tie, and a black suit. However, it still gave the neat image to the audience. His costume had effect to break my fixed idea on tap-dancing as well as to retain the elegant image of tap-dances. Then he sat on the box and started talking about his tap-dancers life after waiting audience being silent. At this point, he used the skill of regulating which He looked over the audience slowly with smiling face to make them be quiet. Also, he often indexed his finger to get the attention of the audience during his narration. When he talked, he kept smiling and talk very clearly and slowly to give a relaxation mood to the audience and to get rid of a sense of distance between the audience and him on the stage. The stage equipment helped to evoke a relaxation mood of the stage and get close the distance between the audience and him, too. He often drunk the bottle of water during talking and he put it on the table setting...

Corporate Taxation in Germany and England Essay

Corporate Taxation in Germany and England - Essay Example Over the years both countries have introduced new tax reforms and Acts to serve the same purpose: to be more competitive in the global market. Decreasing corporate taxations can be quite advantageous to any country. Reduced numbers can mean more foreign investment in the country and a highly competitive business sector and that is exactly what Germany and England had sought out to accomplish. The first reform of the 21st century in Germany was introduced in 2000 and the latest one is being launched this year. Over the years Germany has successfully decreased its tax rates from a high percentage to a medium low percentage and has reaped many benefits. England has also cut down on its corporate tax and has achieved many of its goals successfully. Although there are many criticisms on focusing too much on cutting down corporate taxes instead of other taxes both the countries have accomplished part of the goal they had initially sought out to achieve. Corporation taxes are sometimes misunderstood because of their complexity and continuous scrutiny under the law. European countries have been on a mission to reduce their corporate taxes in the past few years to appeal to foreign investors and to be more competitive in the global market. Germany started off being one of the highest corporate taxing countries and has been in a continuous battle with itself do decrease these numbers. ... Germany started off being one of the highest corporate taxing countries and has been in a continuous battle with itself do decrease these numbers. England is also jumping on the bandwagon and following the lead of other European countries to reduce its corporate taxes. Over the years both countries have introduced new tax reforms and Acts to serve the same purpose: to be more competitive in the global market and keeping their corporations from relocating to lower taxing countries. "Corporations are legally capable associations based on the membership of persons; they are organized on a membership basis and exist independent of the change of the individual members. The legal form corporation is a legal person, whose "body" exists of individual natural or other legal persons." (Definition of corporation and scope of tax liability, n.d.) Only companies registered as joint stock companies or having limited liability are considered corporations whereas partnerships are considered to be small businesses that do not have corporate taxes levied on them. Each individual though has to pay a specific amount of tax on his or her net income. ." (Definition of corporation and scope of tax liability, n.d.) How much a corporation gets taxed within a year depends on its entire net income in the operating cycle and the taxes are levied according to German Acts and laws. (Determination of taxable income, n.d.) "The corporation tax rate for retained and distributed profits is 15 percent (Flat Tax).On the level of the involved parties, a capital gains tax is levied on principle with a tax rate of 20 percent." (Corporation tax rate, n.d.) All the balance sheets and accounts are reviewed for profits and loss for the proper taxes to be levied on the corporations. (Assessment Procedure,